俗話說(shuō),男女有別,這種兩性差異在生理、心理等層面均有體現(xiàn)。最近,英國(guó)研究人員在《神經(jīng)科學(xué)和生物行為評(píng)論》雜志上發(fā)表的一項(xiàng)研究即稱,男女之間的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)有著明顯不同,男性的大腦比女性的大腦要更大一些。
該項(xiàng)研究由英國(guó)劍橋大學(xué)研究人員完成。他們查閱了1990年至2013年間發(fā)表的126篇研究論文,對(duì)大量腦成像圖片進(jìn)行了研究,分析了人類大腦容量與結(jié)構(gòu)的性別差異。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),男性的大腦容量總體上要比女性大8%到13%。平均來(lái)說(shuō),男性在多項(xiàng)容量指標(biāo)方面比女性擁有更高的絕對(duì)值,例如顱內(nèi)空間(12%)、總體腦容量(11%)、前腦(10%)、灰質(zhì)(9%)、白質(zhì)(13%)、腦脊液填充區(qū)域(11.5%)以及小腦(9%)等。進(jìn)一步研究則表明,大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的性別差異主要表現(xiàn)在幾個(gè)特定區(qū)域,其中就包括大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)和語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)。比如,男性大腦的左側(cè)杏仁核、海馬體、島葉皮質(zhì)和殼核部分容量更大,組織密度也更高;而女性的大腦的左額極組織密度更高,右額極、下額葉腦回和中額葉腦回的體積更大。研究人員表示,他們的研究證實(shí)了男女之間在大腦容量和結(jié)構(gòu)上存在差異,在神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究中,尤其是探討心理疾病在兩性中哪個(gè)更為普遍時(shí),這種性別差異不容忽視。比如,兩性間大腦邊緣系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)差異即存在于一些與自閉癥、精神分裂癥和抑郁癥等精神疾病相關(guān)的區(qū)域。所以,該項(xiàng)研究不僅有助于科學(xué)家理解大腦的性別差異,還能幫助他們對(duì)與性別相關(guān)的精神疾病有更多的了解。
研究人員強(qiáng)調(diào),大腦結(jié)構(gòu)的性別差異可能反映了某些環(huán)境或者社會(huì)因素,但生理學(xué)的影響也非常重要,比如前類固醇激素(如胎兒睪丸素)和性染色體的作用,而這些生理學(xué)的影響則需要科學(xué)家們逐個(gè)梳理。
A meta-analysis of sex differences in human brain structure
The prevalence, age of onset, and symptomatology of many neuropsychiatric conditions differ between males and females. To understand the causes and consequences of sex differences it is important to establish where they occur in the human brain. We report the first meta-analysis of typical sex differences on global brain volume, a descriptive account of the breakdown of studies of each compartmental volume by six age categories, and whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analyses on brain volume and density. Gaussian-process regression coordinate-based meta-analysis was used to examine sex differences in voxel-based regional volume and density. On average, males have larger total brain volumes than females. Examination of the breakdown of studies providing total volumes by age categories indicated a bias towards the 18–59 year-old category. Regional sex differences in volume and tissue density include the amygdala, hippocampus and insula, areas known to be implicated in sex-biased neuropsychiatric conditions. Together, these results suggest candidate regions for investigating the asymmetric effect that sex has on the developing brain, and for understanding sex-biased neurological and psychiatric conditions.